Chinese characters : Query result

Character: 兵

Modern (Beijing) reading: bīng

Preclassic Old Chinese: praŋ

Classic Old Chinese: praŋ

Western Han Chinese: praŋ

Eastern Han Chinese: preŋ

Early Postclassic Chinese: peŋ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: peŋ

Late Postclassic Chinese: peŋ

Middle Chinese: päiŋ

English meaning : weapons

Russian meaning[s]: 1) солдат; военный (общее понятие); 2) войска, военная сила; войсковой; 3) меч; оружие, вооружение; 4) пешка (в шахматах); 5) наносить удар оружием

Comments: Viet. also has a doublet reading bênh 'to defend'.

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 12

Four-angle index: 7842

Karlgren code: 0759 a-b

Vietnamese reading: binh

Shijing occurrences: 31.1_

Character: 冶

Modern (Beijing) reading: yě

Russian meaning[s]: 1) плавить (переплавлять) металл; печь для плавки металлов; 2) очаровательный, обольстительный; 3) украшаться

Radical: 15

Four-angle index: 1440

Character: 冷

Modern (Beijing) reading: lěng

Preclassic Old Chinese: rēŋʔ

Classic Old Chinese: rḗŋ

Western Han Chinese: rḗŋ

Eastern Han Chinese: riḗŋ

Early Postclassic Chinese: liḗŋ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: liḗŋ

Late Postclassic Chinese: liḗŋ

Middle Chinese: lạ́iŋ

English meaning : cold [Han]

Russian meaning[s]: 1) холод; холодно; холодный; 2) оцепенение; оцепенелый; 3) безлюдный; 4) неупотребительный (иероглиф); 5) холостой (выстрел); 6) перен. холодный, безучастный; безразличный, равнодушный; 7) Лэн (фамилия)

Comments: MC lạ́iŋ is irregular (a retroflex vowel after l-) and probably dialectal in origin; there is, indeed, a MC reading lieŋ, but it is used only in the reduplication lieŋ-lieŋ "a pure, 'icy', ling-ling sound". Viet. lạnh is colloquial; regular Sino-Viet. is lãnh. The word is most probably a late dialect variant of 涼 *raŋ q.v. For *r cf. Xiamen liŋ³, Chaozhou ne³, Fuzhou leŋ³, Jianou laiŋ³.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 15

Four-angle index: 2072

Karlgren code: 0823 h

Vietnamese reading: lạnh

Character: 別

Modern (Beijing) reading: bié

Preclassic Old Chinese: brat

Classic Old Chinese: brat

Western Han Chinese: brat

Eastern Han Chinese: brat

Early Postclassic Chinese: bet

Middle Postclassic Chinese: bet

Late Postclassic Chinese: bet

Middle Chinese: bet

English meaning : to separate, branch off

Russian meaning[s]: 1) различать; разница, отличие; 2) отделять(ся); разлучаться; разлука; 3) другой; чужой; особый; исключительный; 4) в другом месте; особо; 5) запретительное отрицание; 6) Бе (фамилия)

Comments: For *b cf. Xiamen pat⁸ (lit. piat⁸), Chaozhou, Fuzhou piek⁸, Jianou pie⁶. Also read MC pet, OC *prat id.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 18

Four-angle index: 2871

Karlgren code: 0292 a

Character: 判

Modern (Beijing) reading: pàn

Preclassic Old Chinese: phāns

Classic Old Chinese: phānh

Western Han Chinese: phānh

Eastern Han Chinese: phānh

Early Postclassic Chinese: phā̀n

Middle Postclassic Chinese: phā̀n

Late Postclassic Chinese: phā̀n

Middle Chinese: phwần

English meaning : to divide; to distinguish, judge, decide

Russian meaning[s]: 1) решить, определить; вынести приговор; 2) различать, разграничивать, разделять; 3) разделяться, разлучаться; 4) разрезать надвое

Comments: All the listed meanings are attested since L.Zhou; the only earlier attestation (in Shijing) is within the die-sheng 判渙 *phāns-hʷāns 'be relaxed, slack'.

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 18

Four-angle index: 2864

Karlgren code: 0181 d

Vietnamese reading: phán

Character: 利

Modern (Beijing) reading: lì

Preclassic Old Chinese: rhijs

Classic Old Chinese: rhić

Western Han Chinese: rhjǝś

Eastern Han Chinese: rhjǝś

Early Postclassic Chinese: lhjiś

Middle Postclassic Chinese: lhjìj

Late Postclassic Chinese: lhjì

Middle Chinese: lì

English meaning : be advantageous, profitable

Russian meaning[s]: 1) польза; выгода; успех; удача; счастье; удачный; 2) приносить выгоду; прибыль, процент; доход; барыш; прибыльный; извлекать выгоду, обогащать(ся); 3) острый, отточенный; 4) гибкий; удобный; подходящий; 5) Ли (фамилия)

Comments: Standard Sino-Viet. is lọ'i (there is also a variant reading lò'i). For *rh cf. Xiamen, Chaozhou lai⁶, Fuzhou le⁵.

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 18

Four-angle index: 2889

Karlgren code: 0519 a-f

Vietnamese reading: lãi

Character: 刪

Modern (Beijing) reading: shān

Russian meaning[s]: 1) отрезать; сокращать, урезывать; 2) 15-е число (в телеграммах)

Radical: 18

Four-angle index: 2861

Character: 刨

Modern (Beijing) reading: páo

Preclassic Old Chinese: bhrū

Classic Old Chinese: bhrū

Western Han Chinese: bhrǝ̄w

Eastern Han Chinese: bhrǝ̄w

Early Postclassic Chinese: bhǝ̣̄w

Middle Postclassic Chinese: bhạ̄w

Late Postclassic Chinese: bhạ̄w

Middle Chinese: bạw

English meaning : to plane, plane [Tang]

Russian meaning[s]: 1) выкапывать, копать; 2) вычитать, удерживать; [bào] строгать; рубанок, вм. 鉋

Comments: For *bh cf. Xiamen, Chaozhou, Fuzhou phau².

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 18

Four-angle index: 2908

Vietnamese reading: bào

Character: 劫

Modern (Beijing) reading: jié

Preclassic Old Chinese: kap

Classic Old Chinese: kap

Western Han Chinese: kap

Eastern Han Chinese: kap

Early Postclassic Chinese: kap

Middle Postclassic Chinese: kǝp

Late Postclassic Chinese: kǝp

Middle Chinese: kǝp

English meaning : to rob, plunder [L.Zhou]

Russian meaning[s]: 1) грабить, отнимать; присваивать; грабеж, разбой; 2) бедствие; 3) понуждать, заставлять

Comments: May be reconstructed as *krap and go back to ST *rop (~-ua-) 'rob, assault'; however, may be also borrowed from Austric: cf. PAA *ko:p / *kɔ:p 'catch', Thai ko:p 'take with a handful', PAN *aŋkup 'scoop, handful'.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Radical: 18

Four-angle index: 4722

Karlgren code: 0642 h-i

Vietnamese reading: cú'o'p

Character: 助

Modern (Beijing) reading: zhù

Preclassic Old Chinese: ʒ́(h)ras

Classic Old Chinese: ʒ(h)rah

Western Han Chinese: ʒ̣(h)ah

Eastern Han Chinese: ʒ̣(h)ah

Early Postclassic Chinese: ʒ̣(h)ò

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ʒ̣(h)ò

Late Postclassic Chinese: ʒ̣(h)ò

Middle Chinese: ʒ̣ö̀

English meaning : to help

Russian meaning[s]: 1) помогать (кому-л. чем-л.); помощь, подмога; содействие; 2) приносить пользу; 3) древн. вносить налог

Comments: Cf. 耡 *ʒ́(h)ra.

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 19

Four-angle index: 4678

Karlgren code: 0046 z

Character: 努

Modern (Beijing) reading: nǔ

Preclassic Old Chinese: nāʔ

Classic Old Chinese: nā́

Western Han Chinese: nā́

Eastern Han Chinese: nā́

Early Postclassic Chinese: nṓ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: nṓ

Late Postclassic Chinese: nṓ

Middle Chinese: nó

English meaning : to make an effort, try [Han]

Russian meaning[s]: напрягать [силы]; энергично; с усилием

Comments: For *n cf. Xiamen nɔ³, Fuzhou, Jianou nu³.

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 19

Four-angle index: 4753

Character: 劬

Modern (Beijing) reading: qú

Preclassic Old Chinese: g(h)(r)o

Classic Old Chinese: g(h)(r)o

Western Han Chinese: g(h)(r)wa

Eastern Han Chinese: g(h)(r)wa

Early Postclassic Chinese: g(h)wo

Middle Postclassic Chinese: g(h)wo

Late Postclassic Chinese: g(h)wo

Middle Chinese: gü

English meaning : to toil

Russian meaning[s]: трудиться; утруждаться

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Radical: 19

Four-angle index: 4703

Karlgren code: 0108 t

Shijing occurrences: 32.1

Character: 匣

Modern (Beijing) reading: xiá

Preclassic Old Chinese: ghrāp

Classic Old Chinese: ghrāp

Western Han Chinese: ɣrāp

Eastern Han Chinese: ɣrāp

Early Postclassic Chinese: ɣạ̄p

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ɣạ̄p

Late Postclassic Chinese: ɣạ̄p

Middle Chinese: ɣạp

English meaning : box [Han]

Russian meaning[s]: 1) ящичек, шкатулка; футляр; коробка; 2) несессер; 3) ножны

Comments: = 柙. Regular Sino-Viet. is hạp; Viet. hộp may be a colloquial loan both from 匣 and from 盒 *ghǝ̄p (MC ɣʌp) q.v. For *gh cf. Xiamen aʔ⁸, Chaozhou ap⁸, Fuzhou ak⁸.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 22

Four-angle index: 794

Karlgren code: 0629 e

Vietnamese reading: hộp

Character: 即

Modern (Beijing) reading: jí

Preclassic Old Chinese: ćit

Classic Old Chinese: cit

Western Han Chinese: cjǝt

Eastern Han Chinese: cjǝt

Early Postclassic Chinese: cjit

Middle Postclassic Chinese: cjit

Late Postclassic Chinese: cjit

Middle Chinese: cjit

English meaning : to approach, go to, apply

Russian meaning[s]: 1) подойти (приступить, приблизиться) к..., сблизиться с...; 2) хотя бы и...; даже если, даже (перед подлежащим с последующим наречием); 3) в тот же момент, немедленно, сейчас же, тут же; тогда-то; 4) служебное слово в вэньяне перед сказуемым-действием указывает а) что действие совершается именно в указанное выше время или в данных условиях; б) на быструю (мгновенную) последовательность действий; 5) именно, а именно; как-то; перед предметным сказуемым переводится связкой есть, является, это

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 26

Four-angle index: 2090

Karlgren code: 0399 a-c, 923 a

Shijing occurrences: 58.1

Character: 卵

Modern (Beijing) reading: luǎn

Preclassic Old Chinese: rhōnʔ

Classic Old Chinese: rhwā́n

Western Han Chinese: rhwā́n

Eastern Han Chinese: rhwā́n

Early Postclassic Chinese: lhwā́n

Middle Postclassic Chinese: lhwā́n

Late Postclassic Chinese: lhwā́n

Middle Chinese: lwấn

English meaning : egg [LZ]

Russian meaning[s]: яйцо (птицы); икра (рыб); яички (насекомых); биол. яйцо (зародыш); [luǎn lǎn] анат. яички

Comments: For *rh- cf. Xiamen nŋ⁶, Chaozhou nǝŋ⁴, Fuzhou lauŋ⁶, Jianou sɔŋ⁶.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 26

Four-angle index: 2115

Karlgren code: 0179 a

Character: 吝

Modern (Beijing) reading: lìn

Preclassic Old Chinese: rǝns

Classic Old Chinese: rinh

Western Han Chinese: rjǝnh

Eastern Han Chinese: rǝnh

Early Postclassic Chinese: lìn

Middle Postclassic Chinese: lìn

Late Postclassic Chinese: lìn

Middle Chinese: lìn

English meaning : to regret

Russian meaning[s]: 1) скупой, скаредный, жадный; скаредничать, скупиться; 2) ненавидеть; ненависть; недовольство; сожалеть

Comments: For *r cf. Xiamen lin⁶, Chaozhou liŋ⁴, Fuzhou leŋ⁶.

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 30

Four-angle index: 1419

Karlgren code: 0475 t-u

Character: 吭

Modern (Beijing) reading: háng

Russian meaning[s]: шея, горло

Radical: 30

Four-angle index: 7684

Character: 吞

Modern (Beijing) reading: tūn

Preclassic Old Chinese: thǝ̄n

Classic Old Chinese: thǝ̄n

Western Han Chinese: thǝ̄n

Eastern Han Chinese: thǝ̄n

Early Postclassic Chinese: thǝ̄n

Middle Postclassic Chinese: thǝ̄n

Late Postclassic Chinese: thǝ̄n

Middle Chinese: thʌn

English meaning : to swallow [L.Zhou]

Russian meaning[s]: 1) проглотить; 2) поглотить, присвоить, завладеть; аннексировать

Comments: PST *dhǝ̄n / *dhǝ̄ŋ, cf. Tib. ãthuŋ (p. ãthuŋs, i. ãthuŋ) 'to drink, suck, smoke'; LB *taŋ 'to drink' (?cf. also Burm. tǝuk id.); Lush. dāwn 'drink (poet.)'. See IST 125.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 30

Four-angle index: 1378

Karlgren code: 0361 d

Jianchuan Bai: thuɛ̃4

Dali Bai: thui6

Character: 吾

Modern (Beijing) reading: wú

Preclassic Old Chinese: ŋhā

Classic Old Chinese: ŋhā

Western Han Chinese: ŋhā

Eastern Han Chinese: ŋhā

Early Postclassic Chinese: ŋhō

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ŋhō

Late Postclassic Chinese: ŋhō

Middle Chinese: ŋo

English meaning : part of name

Russian meaning[s]: вэньянь я; мой; мы; наш

Comments: The usual meaning 'I, we' is attested only since Late Zhou. For *ŋh- see notes on 我.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Radical: 30

Four-angle index: 1211

Karlgren code: 0058 f-i

Character: 否

Modern (Beijing) reading: fǒu

Preclassic Old Chinese: pǝʔ

Classic Old Chinese: pǝ́

Western Han Chinese: pǝ́

Eastern Han Chinese: pwǝ́

Early Postclassic Chinese: píw

Middle Postclassic Chinese: pǝ́w

Late Postclassic Chinese: pǝ́w

Middle Chinese: pǝ́w

English meaning : to do not, be wrong

Russian meaning[s]: 1) нет; или нет?; если нет; не так ли; 2) отрицать; [pǐ] 1) зло; злой, несчастный; неудача; название гексаграммы в Ицзине; 2) завалить, заложить, закупорить

Shuowen gloss: 不也.從口不. [61]

Comments: Etymologically related to 不 *pǝ q.v.

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 30

Four-angle index: 1421

Shijing occurrences: 2.3_, 34.4_